Cholesterol therapy in patients with CKD 3 or 4

Start any patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 or 4 who is 50 years of age or older on either a statin, such as atorvastatin, OR atorvastatin plus ezetimibe treatment.

So CKD can be considered a high risk heart disease risk equivalent, regardless of baseline cholesterol levels.

Post Infectious Glomerulonephritis

3 Findings:

1. C3 is low ⇊
2. C4 is normal
3. Patient presents with nephritic symptoms, not nephrotic

Two Ways to Avoid a Heart Attack

1. Stop smoking.

2. Make sure your cholesterol level is at goal.

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Prior to diagnosing a patient with consider:

Person does not have reversible causes of AKI such as active urine sediment, shock, toxins, obstruction, protein in the urine more than 500 mg per d, or parenchymal disease.

Trying albumin 1 g per kg per day for 2 days and seeing if there is a response.

If there is an increase in the serum creatinine level to greater than 1.50 g per dl.

Analgesic Nephropathy: radiographic findings

• Decreased length
• Papillary calcifications
• Bumpy renal contours

papillary necrosis